Operation Husky - the landing in Sicily in July 1943
Introduction
After the fall of the Tunisian front was now natural to expect that the next move of the allies would attack southern Europe. After thinking to Corsica, Sardinia, the Balkans, Sicily at the end seemed the most suitable target, given its proximity to the African coasts and allied air bases.
For Americans was the logical continuation of military operations started in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, the British, the beginning of the attack on Fortress Europe.
The invasion of Sicily, as suggested in the Casablanca conference, he also had another goal, to divert troops from the German eastern front at last to give the Soviets a little breath. Was near the German summer offensive on the front of Kursk, and the transfer of major enemy units from the front line would certainly have helped the Soviets.
operations against Sicily began with a series of massive bombing by Allied Aviation at the end of May, affecting even the small islands south of it. The fall of Pantelleria
Before landing on the Sicilian coast, the Allies conquered the islands of Pantelleria (June 11), Lampedusa (June 12), Linosa (June 13) and Lamp (June 14).
In particular, the fall of Pantelleria aroused many doubts, due to its hasty surrender.
island there were more than 11,000 soldiers and 180 cannons, the massive Allied bombings, caused no serious damage since most of the departments was safe in the cellars dug into the rock. The same military installations maintained their efficiency. However, on June 11, appeared on the horizon when the first Allied ships, Admiral Gino Pavesi, military commander of the island, said the surrender.
For the conquest of the island's allies complained that only two light injuries. For his action, Admiral Pavesi was sentenced to death in absentia in 1944, the Government of the Italian Social Republic.
plans allies
Eisenhower e Montgomery concordarono che lo sbarco sarebbe dovuto avvenire sulle coste sud-orientali della Sicilia: sette divisioni dovevano sbarcare lungo un fronte di circa 160 chilometri mentre reparti di due divisioni aviotrasportare sarebbero stati lanciati dietro le linee nemiche.
Le truppe alleate impegnate nell'operazione comprendevano l'8a Armata britannica di Montgomery e la 7a Armata americana del generale Patton: 7 divisioni di fanteria, una Brigata di fanteria, 2 divisioni corazzate, due divisioni paracadutisti, oltre a vari reparti di commandos britannici e rangers americani.
Le truppe britanniche dovevano sbarcare nel golfo di Siracusa lungo la costa tra Pachino e Siracusa, mentre quelle americane nel golfo di Gela.
L'obiettivo dell'8a Armata britannica era quello di conquistare le località di Augusta, Catania e i campi di aviazione di Gerbini per poi spingersi verso Messina.
La 7a Armata americana doveva invece conquistare i campi di aviazione tra Comiso e Licata, proteggere il fianco sinistro dell'avanzata inglese e conquistare la zona centrale ed occidentale dell'isola.
L'inizio delle operazioni venne fissato per le 2.45 del 10 luglio 1943; alcune ore prima sarebbero avvenuti i lanci dei paracadutisti.
Per quanto riguarda i comandi italo-tedeschi, Kesserling si aspettava che gli alleati sbarcassero nell'area tra Trapani e Marsala per la maggiore vicinanza alle basi aeree africane. Il generale Guzzoni invece, si aspettava lo sbarco proprio sulla south-east coast of Gela and Catania.
forces to defend the island
forces land in Sicily, included the 6th Army under General Guzzoni and 14th Panzer Korps Germanic under the command of Lieutenant General Hube.
The 6th Army was formed by the following units:
XII Corps (Western Sicily) under General Arisia
Division Aosta
Division Assietta
202nd Division Coastal Division 207th Coastal Division 208th Coastal
XVI rd Army Corps (eastern Sicily) under General Division Rossi
Naples
XVIII Brigade Brigade XIXA
coastal coastal coastal
206th Division 213th Coastal Division
available was the command of the division Livorno.
The Italian infantry divisions were called "mobile" only on paper because it consists entirely of Infantry and artillery units riding facilities.
Only available artillery Motorized Division Livorno and some self-propelled vehicles. How
armored vehicles were only available light tanks and old French Renault tanks.
The Air Force Command of the Air Sicilia (general Monti) included 15 fighter squadrons, two squadrons of observation, 4 sections maritime reconnaissance squadron and a torpedo. As territorial air defense forces were 49 batteries Army, 57 Navy and 114 anti-aircraft artillery of the militia.
The 14th German Panzer Korps of General Hube, included the 15th Panzer Division and the Hermann Goering Panzer Division. There was also a heavy Tiger tank company (the second company of Schwere Panzer Abteilung 504 °) remained in Sicily after his unit was sent to Tunisia.
The 15th Panzer Division had about 65 tanks and about 100 of Hermann Goering. The landing
During the night of July 9, 1943, started the first launches of the paratroopers on the island, the air reconnaissance spotted the Allied convoys in the sea south of Sicily. The Italian Air Force attacked this convoy.
Poor weather conditions hamper the navigation of the Allied naval forces, especially the launch of the airborne troops: of the 144 gliders that British paratroopers had landed only 12 reached the target, while 69 ended in the sea. Because of the strong wind, even the American paratroopers found themselves in small groups away from each other, easy prey for the enemy units.
At dawn the first Allied troops landed on the beaches of Sicily, the British troops met little resistance as the Americans had to face very hard counterattacks by the Axis forces.
Bulletin No. 1141 of 10 July 1943:
"The enemy began tonight, with the support of powerful naval and air formations and units with the launch of paratroopers, the attack on Sicily. The armed forces allied contrasted sharply opposing the action, fighting is in progress along the coastal southeastern "
Despite the island's defense has often talked about the mass defection of our troops in defense of the island, many departments are instead fought valiantly.
The Italian units were composed of mostly Sicilians from a precise choice of the high command, it was thought that they would fight with more vigor to defend their island.
underestimated, however, the fact that the average age soldiers had piuttosto alta e che la maggior parte di essi era sposata; se a questo aggiungiamo il loro scarso addestramento ed il fatto che a guidarli c'erano per lo più ufficiali della riserva allora il quadro è completo.
Le maggiori defezioni riguardarono soprattutto le unità costiere; dopo aver sparato pochi colpi contro il nemico, i reparti si sbandarono arrendendosi al nemico o ritirandosi nell'entroterra; le unità dell'esercito si comportarono invece molto meglio.
Già nella notte del 10 luglio, il generale Guzzoni aveva ordinato a tutte le unità di contrattaccare: nella zona di Canicattì intervenne il Gruppo da combattimento "Ems". In direzione di Siracusa si lanciarono il Kampfgruppe Schmalz e i reparti della divisione Napoli; nella zona di Gela, i reparti della 1a divisione americana vennero attaccati dai fanti della Livorno e dagli altri reparti della Goering; per due giorni infuriarono durissimi combattimenti e gli americani furono sul punto di essere ributtati in mare; lo stesso Patton considerò l'ipotesi del reimbarco dei suoi uomini. Solo l'intervento dei cannoni delle navi alleate, in particolare i pezzi da 152mm dell'incrociatore Savannah, costrinsero i nostri soldati a ripiegare.
Sulle alture di Biazzi, a sud-est di Gela, un Gruppo da combattimento formato da un battaglione di fanteria della Livorno, alcuni semoventi M90/53 e la compagnia pesante Carri Tigre attaccarono i reparti paracadutisti americani agli ordini del colonello Gavin, infliggendogli gravi perdite.
Dopo due giorni di combattimenti, la 7a Armata americana pur avendo consolidato le aree di sbarco, lamentava la perdita di circa 2.300 uomini. Patton richiese rinforzi e nella serata dell'11 luglio partirono dagli aereoporti tunisini circa 150 aerei con a bordo 2.300 paracadutisti. Non appena i velivoli furono sui cieli della Sicilia, vennero fatti segno dalla contraerea italiana e tedesca, che riuscì ad abbattere 23 aerei e a danneggiarne 37.
L'avanzata americana riprese il giorno dopo, sempre ostacolata dai reparti italo-tedeschi.
Bollettino n. 1143 del 12 luglio 1943:
"In Sicilia la lotta è continuata aspra e senza posa nella giornata di ieri, durante la quale il nemico ha tentato invano di aumentare la modesta profondità delle zone litoranee occupate. Le truppe italiane e germaniche, passate decisamente al contrattacco, hanno battuto in più punti le unità avversarie, obbligandole in un settore a ripiegare"
Il 13 luglio intanto le forze inglesi erano giunte a Vizzini e ad Augusta: particolarmente impegnati furono i reparti della divisione Napoli, che tra il 10 ed il 13 luglio avevano tentato invano di fermare l'avanzata dell'8a armata inglese, lamentando gravi perdite. Nella giornata del 14 luglio, gli ultimi reparti della divisione si sacrificarono per coprire la ritirata delle unità tedesche tra Caltagirone e Vizzini.
La Regia Aereonautica perse circa 400 aerei nell'inutile tentativo di contrastare Aviation Allied superiority in the skies of Sicily and the Italian Navy took part in the defense of the island only with submarines (losing four in the first three days of the battle) and the torpedo boats, hampering the movements of enemy shipping.
Bridge Primosole
With few troops available, that is Guzzoni Kesselring decided to group the Axis forces on the line-Santo Stefano Nicosia Leonforte-Plain of Catania. Despite Hitler had ordered his troops not to give a tape measure, folding the maneuver was performed successfully.
To stop the forces of Montgomery, it was decided to organize a solid defensive line in the area around Mount Etna, at last stop the enemy offensive push through the plain of Catania and from there to Messina.
the heart of the defense was established in the area around the bridge over the river Primosole Simeto, just over 10 km south of Catania. For the defense departments of France were called by the first division under the command of General der Fallshirmjaeger Fallschirmtruppe Richard Heidrich.
In the night between 10 and 11 July, the division's paratroopers were put on alert. After a few hours, the first units ordered to move to Italy: the 3rd Parachute Regiment, the 1st and the 3rd Battalion of the 4th Regiment, the battalion gunners paratroopers were launched together with other departments or facts atterrare nell'area intorno a Catania. Il 1° reggimento paracadutisti raggiunse Napoli via ferrovia, e qui attese il trasferimento in Sicilia.
Le unità del 3° reggimento paracadutisti presero posizione: il 2° battaglione del maggiore Rau si attestò presso Francofonte, mentre il 1° ed il 3° battaglione gli ordini dei maggiori Boehmler e Kratzert furono dislocati più a nord nella zona di Lentini e Carlentini.
Il battaglione attestato a Lentini fu raggiunto il 13 luglio dal battaglione mitraglieri e da altri reparti.
In poco tempo venne completata la disposizione di tutti i reparti, comprese le compagnie anticarro e di artiglieria. Il 4° reggimento della divisione si attestò nell'area intorno al ponte di Primosole.
I primi fallschirmjaeger tedeschi che scesero nella zona dell'aereoporto di Catania e nei suoi dintorni, nella notte tra il 12 ed il 13 luglio precedettero di qualche ora l'arrivo dei paracadutisti inglesi.
L'OPERAZIONE FUSTIAN
Mentre i tedeschi si preparavano a difendersi a sud di Catania, Montgomery aveva lanciato il 13 luglio 1943, l'operazione FUSTIAN, che avrebbe dovuto aprire l’avanzata dell’8a Armata inglese verso Catania. Reparti di paracadutisti inglesi dovevano conquistare il porto e i campi d’aviazione. Anche per gli inglesi il ponte di Primosole costituiva un passaggio vitale ed obbligato lungo la strada che portava verso Messina.
L’operazione prevedeva un'azione combinata with the launch of paratroopers accompanied by aviosbarchi troops aboard gliders with heavily armed.
At the same time a British commandos landed on the coast would have to Agnone.
para I were to be launched anywhere in a little cultivated land by the river Simeto, they should attack every fortified point or center of enemy resistance as they came in contact with each other and converge towards the bridge of Primosole to secure possession.
aircraft took off at 22 airports in Tunisia, and despite having been warned commanders of the Allied naval forces, already off the coast of Malta, the aircraft were hit of their own flak. Two C-47 were shot down by Allied ships, and 9 were forced to return to the airports of departure because of the damage suffered. The surviving aircraft fleet continued on its flight to Catania, continue to be made by the same sign of friendly fire.
Nine planes with paratroopers on board were centered by flak, but the majority was able to throw men, three tugboats were hit and killed, but the gliders after they managed to somehow take the land, 14 planes were lost and 34 others seriously damaged.
The launches of the paratroopers, began at 22.15, under fire, this time, the anti-German.
Most paratroopers ended up many miles short of its targets, some groups landed Etna to over 30 km north of Catania. The British para
the second assault, they came right in the area controlled by the machine-gun battalion of paratroopers of the 1st Fallschirmjäger Division, north of the bridge. Targeted by enemy fire, the British were forced to retreat to the south-east towards the bridge Primosole.
o'clock in the July 14 General Lathbury, commander of the British airborne forces had managed to muster only a hundred men with which to capture the bridge over groped Simeto. These came together once they arrive in Primosole, fifty men of the 1st Battalion. paratroopers, who under the command of Captain Rann had secured access to the north of the viaduct 2.15.
Alle 4.30, gli inglesi dopo aver eliminato le sentinelle italiane avevano iniziato a disinnescare le cariche esplosive piazzate sotto il ponte.
Nel frattempo erano iniziati ad arrivare gli altri alianti; quattro vennero abbattuti, altri quattro alianti finirono in mezzo alle truppe italo-tedesche e gli equipaggi vennero fatti tutti prigionieri.
Arrivano i Fallschirmjaeger
I veri para tedeschi, reparti del battaglione genio paracadutisti, si lanciarono nella zona dell'aereoporto all'alba del 14 luglio mettendosi subito in marcia verso la zona del fiume Simeto. Gli scontri proseguirono violenti per tutto il giorno e malgrado gli inglesi venissero rinforzati dagli sbandati che giungevano a Primosole, alle 17.30, dopo avere quasi finito tutte le ammunition, were forced to retreat on a hill south of the bridge.
hour later the situation worsened for the English: the Fallschirmjäger of the first company engineers backed by an anti aircraft fire 88 with a lightning storm forced the British to retreat to the south.
Only towards evening began to arrive for the British reinforcements by land, a brigade of the British 50th Infantry Division, the Sherman tanks of the 44th Armored Regiment and other departments.
With these new forces, the British returned to the assault of the bridge. At the dawn of the 15th was repulsed an attack by British tanks and infantry: the para Germans hiding in the dense vegetation along the riverbank, attaccarono i carri nemici a distanza ravvicinata, mettendone fuori uso diversi. Un secondo attacco corazzato venne respinto grazie al fuoco del micidiale 88mm.
Rimasti senza l'appoggio dei mezzi corazzati i para inglesi cessarono gli attacchi, chiedendo l'intervento dell'artiglieria: qualche ora dopo i pezzi delle navi da guerra alleate rovesciarono sulle posizioni tedesche un pesante fuoco di sbarramento facendo molte vittime. Un colpo centrò in pieno il pezzo da 88 uccidendo tutti i suoi serventi.
Malgrado le notevoli perdite i para continuarono a difendersi accanitamente, respingendo gli assalti inglesi fino al giorno 17, quando il ponte ricadde nelle mani nemiche. I resti del 4° reggimento paracadutisti e del battaglione genieri riuscirono to disengage and withdraw to the north. In
Simeto also distinguished themselves fighting on Italian troops, the 372 Battalion coastal worked hard against the British landed in Agnone and the 2nd Regiment Italian Arditi.
Patton advances
While they were fighting on Simeto, departments of the 7th U.S. Army continued their advance in the western part and the objective of Patton was Palermo, a very prestigious achievement since this was the first European city to fall in the hands. In addition, the Sicilian capital, represented an important strategic naval base for the control of the northern coast of the island.
Since July 15 the American armored divisions, after conquering Agrigento swarmed across the western Sicily without encountering any resistance, the divisions and Assietta Aosta had retreated along the St. Stephen-Nicosia.
And so on July 22, the first vanguard of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division reached the outskirts of Palermo in the evening, Patton made his triumphal entry into the city.
With the fall of Palermo, American forces began to push toward the east, in support of the advancing British to Messina.
In the 8th Army in fact, even after the fall of the bridge Primosole, the fights were not decreased in intensity; departments Italian-German, who had joined those of the 29th Panzer Division arrived from southern Italy, continued to fight hard by slowing the enemy advance. Towards Messina
On 25 July, with the overthrow of Benito Mussolini as head of government, the Italian forces on the island is completely dispersed, leaving the Germans alone to defend Sicily. Given the impossibility of being able to drive out the allies at sea, from Berlin was ordered to evacuate the island (Operation Lehrgang) to be able to bring in Calabria as many forces as possible. The resistance Allied advance would continue on the continent.
The operational command of the Axis forces was in the hands of General Hans Valentin Hube commander of XIV Panzer Corps, General Guzzoni was forced to order the departments and divisions Aosta Assietta to observe the movement of retreat of the Germans, the two divisions alone were not able to deal with the U.S. 7th Army.
In the British 8th Army, the Canadian units of the 78th Division took over after the July 25 town Assoro and acting, going to Regalbuto. The German units continued to fiercely defend the town Centuripe, Regalbuto and Adrano in a series of furious fighting between July 30 and August 7.
On August 4, the departments of Hermann Goering retired from Catania, where the five made their entrance English departments.
Troina
Le forze americane il 30 luglio avevano conquistato Santo Stefano ed erano entrate a Nicosia; il loro prossimo obiettivo era Troina uno dei capisaldi della linea difensiva tedesca. A difenderla c'erano i reparti della 15a Panzergrenadier Division e della divisione italiana Assietta, gli ultimi soldati a difendere l'onore della nazione.
I reparti italo-tedeschi si erano ben trincerati sulle colline intorno alla città, con la possibilità di osservare con netto anticipo le possibili mosse del nemico.
La battaglia per Troina iniziò il 31 luglio: Patton impiegò tutti i pezzi della sua artiglieria e l'appoggio dell'aviazione per tentare di fiaccare le difese italo-tedesche. Dopo il massiccio bombardamento terrestre ed aereo furono inviati all'attacco The infantry units of the generals and Allen Bradley. Just arrived in the vicinity of the settlement, the American soldiers were greeted by a massive barrage of defenders from their positions of heavy weapons in German and Italian literally mow the approaching enemy columns. Followed furious melee combat, which saw the positions on the hills passed hands several times.
Only thanks to the superiority of men and means, the Americans managed to win, after a week of heavy clashes. In the night between 5 and 6 August, the surviving German-Italian forces in defense of Troina, managed to leave the town without being seen by the enemy. The day after the Americans took possession of the position, reduced to a pile of rubble and without inhabitants.
The American losses were significant: some units, like the 1st Infantry Division had to be withdrawn from the first line to be reorganized. Even in San Fratello
Americans were hard work by the departments of the 29th Panzer Division, statements on the hill along the coastal road.
After the failure of frontal attacks, because of strong resistance from the Germans, the Americans tried to get behind the enemy forces to land in Sant'Agata di Militello doing some infantry units, engineer and a platoon of Sherman tanks.
The Germans managed to avoid capture, however, managed to ripiegare in ordine verso Messina: la marcia della 29a Panzergrenadier Division venne ostacolata ancora dai reparti di Patton nei pressi di Brolo. Totalmente accerchiati, i tedeschi riuscirono ancora una volta ad evitare l'annientamento.
FUGA VERSO LO STRETTO
A partire dall'11 agosto iniziarono le operazioni di trasferimento delle truppe italo-tedesche da Messina verso Reggio Calabria; malgrado le difficoltà del momento, si riuscirono ad evacuare oltre ad un gran numero di uomini anche grandi quantitativi di armi, materiali ed equipaggiamento. Fecero ritorno sul continente circa 40.000 soldati tedeschi e 62.000 italiani, insieme a circa 10.000 veicoli a motore, 60 carri armati, 150 cannoni ed un grande quantitativo di carburante.
Solo il 17 agosto gli alleati entrarono a Messina dopo trentotto giorni dall'inizio dello sbarco; il generale Alexander aveva previsto di occupare la Sicilia in dieci-quindici giorni, mentre Montgomery aveva pensato di giungere a Catania in cinque-sei giorni, ed invece vi giunse solo il 4 agosto, dopo quasi quattro settimane.