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Salerno, September 1943 landing of Anglo-American troops

September 8, a powerful naval force threatening to tip toward the Gulf of Salerno. Salerno that day had been hit by the latest bombing. Many weeks underwent continuous air raids and was now reduced to a heap of ruins.
People bivouacked in tunnels and cellars, hungry and hopeless. But suddenly, at 19.45, also in the general population of Salerno came Marshal Badoglio's voice announcing the armistice. The war was over then? People thought this was so and went out of the shelters. The illusion was short-lived: the appearance of the ships on the horizon at Salerno led the burrow again.
On board were 463 units that set sail from ports in Algeria and Sicily as 100,000 British and 70,000 American soldiers who made up the body, landing under the command of U.S. General Mark Clark lived in the tense hours that preceded the start of operations.
All aboard, including officers, were completely unaware of what had happened in those days. Unaware that the armistice with Italy was signed secretly on September 3, and ignoravano che sarebbe stato reso pubblico entro poche ore. Erano tutti convinti che lo sbarco avrebbe incontrato la tenace resistenza degli italiani e dei tedeschi. Ma, improvvisamente, la tensione che regnava a bordo venne infranta da una comunicazione radiofonica. Alle 18,30, mentre l’operazione "Avalanche” è in pieno svolgimento con i convogli alleati in vista di Salerno (da una settimana la costa campana è sottoposta ad intensi attacchi in preparazione della invasione), da Algeri il gen. Eisenhower comunica la notizia dell’armistizio intervenuto tra gli Alleati e gli italiani. Ecco il testo del breve annuncio:"Qui è il gen. Eisenhower. Il governo italiano si è arreso incondizionatamente a queste forze armate. Le ostilità between the armed forces of Italy and the United Nations cease immediately. All the Italians who will help us to keep out the German aggressor from Italian soil will have the assistance and support of the Allied nations. "A similar announcement is made on the radio at 19.45 by the Italian Prime Minister Marshal Pietro Badoglio. The message to the Italian people so 'concludes: "... They [the Italian armed forces], however, react to attacks of any origin."
The news, completely unexpected, provoked widespread expressions of joy. I danced jubilant soldiers on the bridges. The war with Italy was over! No longer thought of the dangers. All were convinced that instead of a battle, there would have been in Salerno waiting for a crowd in celebration.
at 3:30 am on September 9th gen. Mark Clark launched Operation "Avalanche". The 1st Airborne Division seized without resistance Taranto. Meanwhile
55,000 men of the Anglo-American troops landed in the Gulf of Salerno, covered by a naval force which has a total of four battleships, seven aircraft carriers, 11 cruisers and a few dozen fighters, as well as spare unit and children. The soldiers took the floor with relative ease and without conflict, but suddenly, to their surprise, they found the German reaction.
In the 48 hours followed the landing, the Allies were able to overwhelm the defenses Germany and go inward. The German resistance was weak, General Clark could be satisfied. Its probably too optimistic about landing now strengthened because the events seemed to justify it. Ships could easily download tanks and vehicles. The reinforcements were able to flood regularly on the beach.
Meanwhile the German artillery was silent, and the Luftwaffe seemed to have disappeared. Continuing the advance, the Allies occupied the airport and they provided Montecorvino to reactivate the runway. The battle seemed won. The Germans retreated or surrendered. Three days after landing, the Allies controlled a bridgehead 100 km long and 10 deep. But suddenly, the morning of Sept. 12, a dramatic change in the situation: the Germans unleashed a counterattack. Fresh, well-armed troops attacked the area north of surprise trouncing the deans of British commandos. A few hours later, the counter-attack, carried out with extreme violence, spread to the whole of the front. The German troops had arrived to reinforce the divisions that Kesselring was forced to hold in Rome with a view to a second landing and to overcome the fierce but uncoordinated resistance of the Italian troops in Port St. Paul. Now that he had secured full control of the Italian capital, he could hurl it against the allied troops.
Under the impact of the German forces, the entire Anglo-American staggered grid. The retreat was general. Many departments are disbanded. Many prisoners were captured. Strategically important position as Battipaglia Altavilla and were recaptured. During this counterattack, the Germans felt very close to victory. Meanwhile, the situation had become desperate. General Clark had lost his optimism, and insisted on sending reinforcements. At this point, to counter the German advance was decided to use the Airborne Division paratroopers. They were the American paratroopers who were to be launched in Rome. Licata airport remained idle, they were now thrown in the back to target and disrupt the enemy's movements. But even the intervention of the Paratroopers changed the situation: the Germans continued their victorious advance and came in sight of the avant-garde mare.Fu at this point that the Marshal Alexander, commander of allied forces in the Mediterranean, decided to solve the dramatic situation by ordering the intervention of the squadron. For the first time the navy was engaged in a pitched battle. On September 14 a powerful team to battle left Malta bound for Salerno. It also belonged to the battleships Warspite, Valiant, and Nelson Rodneu armed with 381 mm cannons. Meanwhile, flocks of heavy bombers were launched on the coast from Salerno to sow ruin and destruction behind the German lines.
Questo attacco segnò l'inizio della controffensiva alleata. I danni furono enormi. Anche per la popolazione civile che da una settimana si trovava costretta a vivere in prima linea. Ma ai fini della battaglia fu soprattutto decisivo il bombardamento navale. Spingendosi quasi al limitare della costa, le navi assolsero il compito che normalmente compete alle artiglierie. Il loro tiro era estremamente preciso. Le loro bordate distrussero ora postazioni tedesche, ora interi centri di abitazioni civili. Una vera valanga di fuoco si abbatté sul Salernitano. Grazie a un nuovo sistema di segnalazione, le truppe alleate potevano chiedere direttamente l'appoggio dell'artiglieria navale come se si trattasse di batterie terrestri. Le postazioni tedesche vennero centrate a una a una.
Due giorni dopo, il 16, Kesselring ordinò alle sue truppe di ritirarsi verso nord «per sottrarsi all'efficace bombardamento da parte delle navi da guerra». Per gli anglo-americani la via di Napoli era aperta. «Se a Salerno» commenterà Alexander a operazione conclusa «la marina e l'esercito non avessero potuto disporre della superiorità, lo sbarco sarebbe fallito.» Avalanche fu dal punto di vista militare un successo, anche se politicamente e strategicamente non raggiunse gli obiettivi che erano stati prefissati, ossia l'immediata liberazione di Napoli e la rapida avanzata su Roma. Per liberare Roma occorrerà aspettare circa nove mesi e per percorrere i 54 km che dividono Salerno da Napoli gli Alleati impiegheranno twenty-two days.

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Gabriele D'Annunzio, a war hero, author and poet (Pescara, March 12, 1863 - Gardone Riviera, 1 March 1938)


was born in Pescara, March 12, 1863 in a house in Via Manthone, son of Francesco Paolo d'Annunzio Rapagnetta and Louise de Benedhictis. Third of five children, lived a happy childhood, distinguished by intelligence and liveliness. Inherit late mother's sensitivity, the father of the sanguine temperament, the passion for women and the ease in borrowing, which led the family from a wealthy state with a difficult economic situation. Did not take long to manifest a personality free of complexes and inhibitions, increased to competitive comparison with reality. It is a testimony to the letter, yet sixteen (1879), Carducci writes, the most respected in the Italian poet Umberto I, while attending high school at the prestigious boarding school Cicognini of Prato. In 1879 his father financed the publication of the first work of the young student, the first real, a collection of poems that had early success. Accompanied by an enthusiastic critical review in the journal The Roman Fanfulla of Sunday, the book's success was increased by the same D'Annunzio a gimmick: he spread the false news of his death from a fall from a horse. The news had the effect of drawing the attention of the audience in Rome on romantic student Abruzzo, making a figure much discussed. After finishing high school at the Royal grammar school "GBVico" of Chieti, arrived in Rome in 1881, with a reputation that was growing.

Ten years in the capital (1881-1891) were decisive for the formation of the communicative style of D'Annunzio, and in relation to the particular cultural world of the city was formed and what we can define the core of his vision the world. The reception in the city was favored by the presence in it of a large group of writers, artists, musicians, journalists Abruzzese origin (Scarfoglio, Michetti, Tosti, Masciantonio, Barbella, etc.). He did speak in response to a "Byzantine Rome ".
The provincial culture and vital to the group it was carrying appeared to the Roman public, closed in a narrow and suffocating - Far from the intellectual still animated the other European capitals - a new "barbarian" exciting and transgressive, D'Annunzio was able to condense perfectly, with style Journalist exuberant, refined and virtuosic, the stimuli that this opposition "center-periphery" nature-culture "offered to the expectations of readers eager for novelty.
D'Annunzio had had to adapt to the journalistic work largely for economic, but attracted the attendance of Roma "good" performance by his taste for beauty and luxury, in 1883, married, marriage with a "repair" in the chapel of the Palazzo Altemps in Rome, the duchess Maria Hardouin Welsh and they had three sons (Mario, and Gabriellino Veniero). However, the decisive experience for him were those transfigured in the elegant and sophisticated news reports. In this rite of initiation into literature, he quickly began to focus its cultural references, in which identified himself up to infuse all his creative energies and emotional.
The first major literary success came with the publication of her first novel, The pleasure in 1889. He was soon to create a real "public d'Annunzio", a condition not so much the content as star-like shape, a real star system before its time, the writer built attorno alla propria immagine. Egli inventò uno stile immaginoso e appariscente di vita da "grande divo", con cui nutrì il bisogno di sogni, di misteri, di "vivere un'altra vita", di oggetti e comportamenti-culto che stava connotando in Italia la nuova cultura di massa.
Tra il 1891 e il 1893 D'Annunzio visse a Napoli, dove compose il suo secondo romanzo, L'innocente, seguito da Il trionfo della morte e dalle liriche del Poema paradisiaco. Sempre di questo periodo è il suo primo approccio agli scritti di Nietzsche che vennero in buona parte fraintesi, sebbene ebbero l'effetto di liberare la produzione letteraria di D'Annunzio da certi residui moralistici ed etici. Tra il 1893 e il 1897 D'Annunzio intraprese un'esistenza più movimentata that led him first in his homeland and then a long trip to Greece. In 1897 he wanted to try
political experience, living too, like everything else, in a bizarre and sensational: elected deputy of the right, went almost immediately into the ranks of the left, justifying it with the famous statement, "I go to life
Also in 1897 began an affair with the famous actress Eleonora Duse, with which began the season centerpiece of his life. To live next to his new girlfriend, D'Annunzio moved to Florence in the area where he rented the villa Settignano "The Capponcina", transforming it into a monument of aesthetic taste decadent. It is in this period that lies largely part of the drama that D'Annunzio is quite innovative compared to the canons of bourgeois drama or theater dominant in Italy and which often has as its reference point the figure of the actor Duse.

The relationship with Eleonora Duse cracked in 1904, after the publication of the novel The fire, in which the poet had described their relationship mercilessly. D'Annunzio in 1910 fled to France for some time had accumulated a series of debts and the only way to avoid the creditors had now become the flight from Italy. The decor of the villa was auctioned and D'Annunzio did not return for five years in Italy.
was a celebrity in Paris, was translated by Georges Herelle and Debate between decadent and naturalists had once aroused great interest already Huysmans. This allowed him to maintain his dissipated lifestyle of worldly debts and acquaintances. While far from Italy worked to the political debate preceding the war, publishing poetry in celebration of the war in Libya or editorial for several national newspapers (particularly the Courier) which in turn gave him other loans. Corradini
In 1910 he organized the project of the Italian National, which D'Annunzio joined praising a nation dominated by desire for power and opposed to 'petty and Italy at peace. " After the Parisian
retired in Arcachon sulla costa Atlantica, dove si dedicò all'attività letteraria in collaborazione con musicisti di successo (Mascagni, Debussy,...), compose libretti d'opera, soggetti per film (Cabiria).
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Nel 1915 ritornò in Italia, dove rifiutò la cattedra di letteratura italiana che era stata di Pascoli; condusse da subito una intensa propaganda interventista. Il discorso celebrativo che D'Annunzio pronunciò a Quarto il 4 maggio 1915 (in occasione della sagra dei Mille) suscitò entusiastiche manifestazioni interventiste. Con l'entrata in Guerra dell'Italia, il 24 maggio 1915 (il cosiddetto "maggio radioso"), D'Annunzio si arruolò volontario e partecipò ad alcune azioni dimostrative navali ed aeree. Per un periodo risiedette in quel di Cervignano del Friuli perché così poteva essere vicino al Comando della III Armata, comandante della quale era Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia, Duca d' Aosta, suo amico ed estimatore.
Nel gennaio del 1916, costretto a un atterraggio d'emergenza, subì una lesione all'altezza della tempia e dell'arcata sopraccigliare, urtando contro la mitragliatrice del suo aereo. Non curò la ferita per un mese e ciò portò alla perdita di un occhio. Visse così un periodo di convalescenza, durante il quale fu assistito dalla figlia Renata. Tuttavia, ben presto tornò in guerra. Contro i consigli dei medici, continuò a partecipare ad azioni belliche aeree e di terra. In quel periodo Nocturne composed by using thin strips of paper that allowed him to write in complete darkness, which is necessary for recovery from the injury that had temporarily blinded. The work was published in 1921 and contains a series of memories and observations. At the turn of the war, D'Annunzio is able to create a broad discontent, insisting on the "mutilated victory" and asking, in line with a number of lines of Italian politics and society, the renewal of the ruling class in Italy. The same wave of discontent soon found a supporter in Benito Mussolini, that between now and 1922 would have led to the rise of fascism in Italy
In 1919 he organized a resounding blow paramilitary hand, driving a shipment of "legionnaires", started from Ronchi di Monfalcone (renamed in 1925, Ronchi dei Legionari in memory of the historical enterprise), the occupation of the city of Rijeka, the victorious Allied powers had assigned to ' Italy. With this gesture, D'Annunzio reached the apex of the process of building their own personal and political myth.
11 and September 12, 1919, the crisis of Rijeka. A River, occupied by Allied troops, in October 1918 had constituted a National Council, which advocated the annexation to Italy. [3] of which he was appointed chairman Antonio Grossich. D'Annunzio occupied Fiume a column of volunteers and we established the command "Kvarner released.
On 12 November 1920 signed the Treaty of Rapallo: River becomes a free city, Zara goes to Italy. But D'Annunzio did not accept the agreement and the Italian Government, December 26, 1920, he made clear with the legionnaires force.

Disillusioned by the experience as an activist, in February 1921 he retired to a solitary existence in Cargnacco villa (town of Gardone Riviera), which bought a few months later. Vittoriale Renamed the Italian was enlarged and then open to the public. There he worked and lived until his death, taking care with a theatrical style mausoleum of memories and mythological symbols in his own person was the central attraction of the moment. The fascist regime in ascesa si appropriò di D'Annunzio, celebrandolo come uno dei massimi e più fecondi letterati d'Italia. La sua influenza sulla cultura italiana ed europea nei primi decenni del Novecento fu indiscutibile. Morì nella sua villa il 1º marzo 1938 per un'emorragia cerebrale. Il regime fascista fece celebrare in suo onore i funerali di stato. È sepolto nel mausoleo del Vittoriale.

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The arrest of Mussolini, Rome 25 July 1943

Sabato 24 alle ore 17 si riunì il Gran Consiglio del Fascismo, organo istituzionale creato da Mussolini quindici anni prima, e che avrebbe dovuto aiutare e consigliare il Capo nelle decisioni più significative ed importanti dell'Italia di allora. E che, di fatto, stabiliva le leggi che poi sarebbero state votate dai due rami del Parlamento. Ma Mussolini non lo convocava più dal 1938, perciò da ben cinque anni; non lo aveva fatto nemmeno in concomitanza con l'importantissima decisione di entrare in guerra accanto alla Germania nazista, nel giugno del 1940. Decideva tutto da solo, o quasi. Questo importante organo del regime era stato, in buona sostanza, accantonato. Lo si rispolverava adesso che le truppe straniere erano entrate in Italia, iniziando l'occupazione del territorio nazionale dalla Sicilia. Il Re aveva bisogno, costituzionalmente, del voto contrario al Duce da parte di un organo ufficiale, per poi procedere a revocare il mandato a Mussolini. La seduta del Gran Consiglio era agitata. Mussolini sedeva al centro del grande tavolo a forma di ferro di cavallo, a tray, slightly increased compared to the long tables around him. Beside him, the leaders, including Scorza, De Bono, Cyan, Grandi, Farinacci. Had large pockets of grenades, and Saturday morning had Communion. It was, therefore, prepared for the worst: it was feared a reaction from the militia, loyal to the command of the jury. Just Dino Grandi, who hold the position of Speaker of the House, introduced in the early hours of Sunday 25, his famous order of the day, asking the Duce to step aside, and return to Vittorio Emanuele the actual command of troops. The document was voted, after bitter controversy and vehement, and obtained a majority. Mussolini, visibly upset, spoke the words "With this vote have caused the crisis of the regime", and immediately dissolved the sitting. The head of the militia was ordered to bystanders the "salute to the Duce" Mussolini, but he said wearily, "You'll dispense." All went home, excited and worried about what might happen within hours. No hierarchy, fearing arrest by the National Militia, took refuge in friends houses, to spend the night. Others withdrew precipitately from Rome. On Sunday morning, Duce went to visit the Roman neighborhood hit by the recent bombing of July 21, and was greeted with tepid applause by a population exhausted by hardship and concern at the events, it was evident that they were evolvendo verso il peggio. Mussolini chiese udienza al Re, che gli fece comunicare che lo attendeva alle 17 a Villa Savoia, dove la Famiglia Reale trascorreva quelle giornate estive. Dal Quirinale arrivarono diverse telefonate, che raccomandavano che Mussolini si doveva presentare all'udienza non nella divisa di Maresciallo dell'Impero, bensì vestito in borghese, cosa che egli ormai faceva raramente. Rachele, la moglie, insospettita da queste strane telefonate, invitava Benito a non recarsi all'appuntamento con una scusa, perché subodorava un tranello. Come infatti avvenne. In quel caldo pomeriggio di luglio, alle cinque l'auto di Mussolini varcava il cancello della tenuta che circondava Villa Savoia. Oltre all'autista, c'erano solo il Duce and his secretary, Nicola De Cesare, bearing a massive folder full of documents. The personal guard of Mussolini stood respectfully as usual in this type of visits, outside the gate, and the car of the head of the Government forwarded slowly along the avenues of the beautiful and nice park. The Duce was wearing a dark blue suit and wore a black hat on his head. The King was waiting at the Duce, the driver was asked to carry out the presidential car, and was isolated and guarded. Soon the head of state and head of government were in the study, and Vittorio Emanuele, in a voice choked with emotion, he began by saying that the situation had precipitated the "sacred soil of the Fatherland" was stato violato da truppe nemiche, che Mussolini aveva ormai quasi tutti contro, e pochissimi amici, fra cui, diceva il Re, proprio lui medesimo. Accennò al voto "di sfiducia" del Gran Consiglio, al che Mussolini estrasse delle carte dalla valigetta e si affannò a spiegare che il voto era solo consultivo, e non aveva conseguenze giuridiche. Ma il Re tentennava la testa, aggiungeva che il voto era un segnale preciso della caduta di fiducia nell'opera di Mussolini, e proseguiva dicendo che egli aveva deciso di nominare un altro capo del Governo. Mussolini accasciatosi improvviamente, mormorava parole di difesa, obiettava con argomenti deboli, ma il Re aveva deciso: il nuovo Primo Ministro sarebbe stato Badoglio. Occorre anche ricordare che il Re, Fearing an unlikely but still possible violent reaction to Mussolini, had ordered that General Struts, his aide, was behind an office door, pistol in hand, ready to intervene if the situation worse. But the Duce did not respond: he seemed crushed. The two characters end the interview, the King goes out of Mussolini, who, without uttering a word, returning his purse to De Cesare, who had obviously waited outside in the hall. The three start and exit, under the porch that wrapped the entrance to the villa, Vittorio Emanuele greets Mussolini, vigorously shaking her hand, and something that never happened before, also holds out his hand to De Cesare. Mussolini and his secretary start the descent along the inclined ramp leading to the garden, while the King, with a certain regal duplicity little, asks, "Where is the car of the Duce?" Under the watchful eye of the sovereign, the two arrive at the base of the short ramp. Comes forward the captain of the Carabinieri Vigneri, who presents himself to Mussolini, the military salutes and then - imagine how emotion and tumult in the heart - tells him: "Your Excellency, I pray for his safety to follow me." At that moment an ambulance is approaching, who had stationed around the building and the rear door is opened, there are many in the Carabinieri, in battle. Mussolini is to dodge, with some irritation, and whispers that there is no need to protect, Vigneri but insists the elbow and takes the Duce and ask him to boarding. Which just happens, and even De Cesare enter into the ambulance. The vehicle comes from a secondary exit, without the knowledge of the presidential guard which stops at the main entrance. The fall of the dictator has come to pass in a half hour. Strangely (and even more strange that no one ever tell) no image - do not say a movie, but at least some photos taken from behind a tree by stealth - it bears the witness of this tragic page of our history. Not even the arrival of the Duce at the Villa Savoia, when a photographer, also visible, would not have aroused suspicion (or almost ...). They are 17.20. Shortly after she arrives in full uniform Pietro Badoglio receiving from the King the task of forming the government, which will be technical in nature. Italians do not yet know nothing of what happened. At 22:47, a dramatic statement on the radio, put the whole of Italy to the attention of the historical turning point and the end of fascism, after more than two decades. The speaker Titta Arista, accompanied by a policeman at the microphones, the law firm and solemn voice, enunciating the words properly, this text: "Attention ... attention ... His Majesty, the King and Emperor, has accepted the resignation Head of Government, Prime Minister, Secretary of State, presented by His Excellency Benito Mussolini knight, and appointed Head of Government, Prime Minister, Secretary of State, His Excellency Marshal of Italy Pietro Badoglio. "

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The liberation of the Duce, Gran Sasso September 12, 1943.

The first thought of Hitler on the evening of July 25 Upon hearing the news of Mussolini, is to prepare a plan for his release: Twenty-four hours later, the evening of 26, arrived at Hitler's headquarters, the "Wolf's Lair" at Rastenburg, the captain of the "special troops" Otto Skorzeny, an officer of 35 years, handsome, a deep scar on his left cheek, a "specialist" in commando operations. To him Hitler entrusted the task of liberating "the friend Mussolini ': In the early afternoon of July 27, Skorzeny and land at Student immediately to Rome to Frascati, where is the headquarters of Marshal Kesselring, commander of the German Army Group in Italy. This is first of all to find out where the Italians take Mussolini is not difficult, since the Duce still in Rome. The evening of the 27th, with the help of the SS and Dollmann Kappler, Skorzeny turns out that Mussolini was held prisoner in a police barracks: but this is a useless discovery, since that night the suspicious Badoglio ordered the transfer of prisoner in a safer place. The Duce is transported in great secrecy, in the island of Ponza. Skorzeny to start all over again. After a few weeks of its investigation, but also un pizzico di fortuna, gli consentono di individuare nell’isola del Tirreno la nuova prigione di Mussolini. Stava già preparando un piano per la sua liberazione, quando la preda gli sfugge nuovamente: il governo italiano, che forse è stato avvertito o ha intuito lo scopo della missione di Skorzeny in Italia, trasferisce l’illustre prigioniero sull’Isola della Maddalena, presso la costa nord-orientale della Sardegna. Skorzeny riprende le ricerche, non difficili per la verità in un paese come l’Italia. Questi, sbarcato alla Maddalena travestito da marinaio, induce, durante una discussione in osteria, con un innocuo: “Scommettiamo che il Duce è morto?”, un commerciante di frutta e verdura del posto (Which provides, inter alia, daily Villa Weber) to show him the Duce. The fake German sailor loses the bet (gladly, it is to believe), but Skorzeny can prepare his plan. Even approved by Hitler, the operation for the liberation of Mussolini (a real attack on the island by German troops), is scheduled for August 28, but again the prey escapes from the hands of German. "Of course" suspicious, the authorities of the island and especially those who hold Mussolini, have rightly thought that the reconnaissance flights over German Villa Weber hiding something unpleasant, and it is so decided yet another transfer. Il 27 agosto, proprio il giorno prima dell’attacco previsto da Skorzeny per la liberazione del Duce, un idrovolante della Croce Rossa lascia le acque della Maddalena con a bordo il prigioniero: destinazione ovviamente ignota.Il tenente Warger (ma è presente sull’isola lo stesso Skorzeny, che intendeva studiare in loco alcuni particolari del piano) scopre subito che Mussolini non si trova più sull’isola all’ultimo momento, pertanto l’operazione è annullata. Skorzeny comunque non getta la spugna e riprende a tessere la sua tela. Questa volta la fortuna gli si presenta sotto le vesti di Herbert Kappler, un alto ufficiale delle SS, il quale viene a sapere che attorno al Gran Sasso sono state “ultimate le misure di Security. The news may perhaps be of interest to Skorzeny, who throws himself on the track, which turns out to be profitable: the area is the vast plateau of Campo Imperatore, a major ski resort, where the hotel is accessible only by cable car from Assergi; a place then, this plateau, easily defensible and hard to reach, with the necessary requirements to keep a character of the importance of Mussolini. This is the case, but we must be sure: a failed attempt, an error of assessment may reveal the intentions of the Germans and put on the alert to the Italian authorities that would take far more stringent measures to guard the prisoner. The certainty che le supposizioni di Skorzeny e Student sono vere viene dal tenente medico tedesco Leo Krutoff, il quale è incaricato di recarsi a Campo Imperatore per un sopralluogo in vista di un invio in quel luogo, per un periodo di convalescenza, di soldati tedeschi malati di malaria (questo è almeno quanto viene detto all’ignaro ufficiale medico). Questi però non può portare a termine la missione perché, quando giunge nel paesino di Assergi per prendere la funivia, ne è bruscamente impedito da alcuni carabinieri: la zona del Gran Sasso è stata dichiarata “zona militare”; impossibile salirvi.E' quanto voleva sapere Skorzeny, il quale prepara un audace piano che prevede l’atterraggio sul pianoro dietro l’albergo some gliders with a hundred paratroopers: risky business given the uneven nature of the terrain and the brevity of the "runway" to take off in the dissenting opinions avvenuta.Nonostante release of "technicians" who believe, if not impossible, too risky 's operation, Skorzeny get 'you can try. And on Sept. 12, about 13, 12 German planes taking off from the airport of Pratica di Mare, a village of the town of Pomezia, near Rome. The landing at Campo Imperatore is adventurous, but on the whole, satisfactory. Only one plane is destroyed and several others suffered serious damage. Skorzeny and the paratroopers immediately link to the race to the hotel, giungendovi tra la sorpresa generale. A disorientare ancora di più i carabinieri di guardia all’albergo, è la presenza del generale dei carabinieri Soleti, che Skorzeny si è portato dietro per confondere le idee degli ignari carcerieri di Mussolini. In men che non si dica l’albergo è in mano tedesca, senza alcuna reazione da parte italiana. Skorzeny anzi esorta il colonnello comandante la guarnigione a non reagire,per evitare un inutile spargimento di sangue.Mussolini prende posto con Skorzeny su una “Cicogna”, un piccolo velivolo giunto espressamente a Campo Imperatore, visto che non era possibile lasciare in un altro modo il pianoro di Campo Imperatore senza rischiare di essere scoperti. Pilota la “Cicogna” il Captain Gerlach, the personal pilot of the gen. Student, German air ace. To start with Skorzeny and Mussolini (in Gerlach, Skorzeny is definitely too much for the possibility of the aircraft) are applied in very daring maneuver: while the German paratroopers holding the airplane by the tail, the pilot sent the engine and propeller at full speed and a signal, set free, the plane snaps forward into the ravine. Disappears into the abyss for some time, but then you see that far up into the sky. A Pratica di Mare, where he lands, Mussolini embarked on a Heinkel III, which takes him to Vienna and then to Monaco. The 14, Rastenburg, will meet the Fuhrer.

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Federzoni Luigi (Bologna, September 27, 1878 - Rome, January 24, 1967)


Son of John Federzoni scholar, he graduated in 1900 in correspondence with the University of Bologna Carducci, even after earning a law degree.

In his work as a journalist and author of novels, short stories and literary essays used the pseudonym Giulio De 'Frenz.

In 1910 he was among the founders, with Enrico Corradini and the Italian National Association in 1911, with Alfredo Rocco and Enrico Corradini, the weekly''The National''idea. He became leader of the nationalist movement, he was deputy since 1913.

After contributing to the merger, occurred in 1923, the nationalist movement with the National Fascist Party, Mussolini was government minister from 1923 to 1928 (the first of the colonies, then the interior and back of the colonies).
In 1925 he was among the signatories of the Manifesto of the Fascist intellectuals, written by Giovanni Gentile. He resigned as interior minister at odds with the radical wing of fascism led by Roberto Farinacci.
was president of the Italian Geographical Society from 1923 to 1926. In the following years was honorary and institutional offices.
Senator since 1928, was President of the Senate from 1929 to 1939 and from 1938 to 1943, the Academy of Italy and by al March 17, 1938 October 6, 1943 of the Italian Institute. It was also a member of the Accademia dei Lincei National (May 6, 1935 - January 4, 1946), president of the Italian fascist Africa (1937-1940) and Chairman of the Stock company "new anthology".

the sitting of the Fascist Grand Council of 25 July 1943 was among the signatories of the agenda against Benito Mussolini by Dino Grandi and so in 1944 he was sentenced to death in absentia by the court's fascist Verona.
In 1945 the High Court of Justice sentenced him to life imprisonment but was pardoned in 1947.

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Cesare Mori, the prefect of Iron.

Cesare Mori was born in Pavia 22 December 1871. For the first seven anni e mezzo della sua vita, visse in un orfanotrofio, fino a che i suoi non lo riconobbero. In seguito al matrimonio con Angelina Salvi, che non aveva i requisiti richiesti dalla legge militare del tempo, dovette lasciare l' Accademia Militare di Torino. Divenne poliziotto e fu mandato a Ravenna, Trapani, Castelvetrano e Firenze (come vicequestore). Fu poi questore di Bologna, Roma e Torino. Nel 1921 si oppose, in qualità di prefetto del capoluogo emiliano, allo squadrismo fascista. Deluso, andò in pensione nel 1922.

Nel 1925 fu richiamato in servizio da Federzoni (allora Ministro degli Interni) ed inviato come prefetto a Trapani, Sicilia, dal 6 giugno 1925 e dove rimase fino al 20 ottobre, quando su ordine di Mussolini fu nominato prefetto di Palermo, con poteri straordinari sulla Sicilia intera, con l'incarico di sradicare la mafia con qualsiasi mezzo. Si insediò a Palermo il 22 ottobre dello stesso anno e vi rimase fino al 1929. Benito Mussolini gli mandò il seguente telegramma: "...vostra Eccellenza ha carta bianca, l'autorità dello Stato deve essere assolutamente ripeto assolutamente ristabilita in Sicilia. Se le leggi attualmente in vigore la ostacoleranno, non costituirà problema, noi faremo nuove leggi...".
Qui attuò una durissima repressione verso la malavita, colpendo soprattutto bande di briganti e signorotti locali. Il 1° gennaio 1926 fece ciò che lo farà passare alla storia; occupò Gangi, minuscola town, but it was a refuge for countless members of the Sicilian bad. With many men of the Royal Carabinieri and police forces he ordered the raid of the village from house to house, arresting outlaws, mobsters and small number of fugitives. This after besieging the city, which initially had no intention of selling. He cut the 'water and many other resources necessary for the sustenance of the population of the small town. The methods implemented during this action were particularly hard and died not hesitated to use women and children as hostages to force suspects to surrender. It was precisely because of the hardness of the methods used, which was nicknamed the Iron Prefect.
so it continued throughout 1926 and 1927, fu nominato senatore e richiamato a Roma il 16 giugno 1929, quando la stato pubblicizzava la sconfitta della mafia.

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June 10, 1940 Declaration of War

Combattenti di terra, di mare e dell'aria.
Camicie nere della rivoluzione e delle legioni.
Uomini e donne d'Italia, dell'Impero e del Regno d'Albania.
Ascoltate!
Un'ora segnata dal destino batte nel cielo della nostra patria.
L'ora delle decisioni irrevocabili.
La dichiarazione di guerra è già stata consegnata agli ambasciatori di Gran Bretagna e di Francia.
Scendiamo in campo contro le democrazie plutocratiche e reazionarie dell'Occidente, che, in ogni tempo, hanno ostacolato la marcia, e spesso insidiato l'esistenza medesima del popolo italiano.
Alcuni lustri della storia più recente si possono riassumere in queste frasi: promesse, minacce, ricatti e, alla fine, quale coronamento dell'edificio, l'ignobile assedio societario di cinquantadue Stati.
La nostra coscienza è assolutamente tranquilla.
Con voi il mondo intero è testimone che l'Italia del Littorio ha fatto quanto era umanamente possibile per evitare la tormenta che sconvolge l'Europa; ma tutto fu vano.
Bastava rivedere i trattati per adeguarli alle mutevoli esigenze della vita delle nazioni e non considerarli intangibili per l'eternità; bastava non iniziare la stolta politica delle garanzie, che si è palesata soprattutto micidiale per coloro che le hanno accettate.
Bastava non respingere la proposta che il Führer fece il 6 ottobre dell'anno scorso, dopo finita la campagna di Polonia.
Ormai tutto ciò appartiene al passato.
Se noi oggi siamo decisi ad affrontare i rischi ed i sacrifici di una guerra, gli è che l'onore, gli interessi, l'avvenire ferreamente lo impongono, poiché un grande popolo è veramente tale se considera sacri i suoi impegni e se non evade dalle prove supreme che determinano il corso della storia.
Noi impugnammo le armi per risolvere, dopo il problema risolto delle nostre frontiere continentali, il problema delle nostre frontiere marittime; noi vogliamo spezzare le catene di ordine territoriale e militare che ci soffocano nel nostro mare, poiché un popolo di forty-five million souls is not truly free if you do not have free access to the ocean.
This gigantic struggle is but a logical development phase of our revolution.
is the struggle of the peoples of many poor and hungry arms against the fiercely hold a monopoly on all the riches and all the gold of the earth.
is the struggle of peoples against peoples and young fertile and barren volgenti at sunset.
is the struggle between two centuries and two ideas.
Now that the dice are thrown and our will has burned the ships behind us, I solemnly declare that Italy does not intend to drag other nations in conflict with its neighboring sea or land. Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, taking note of these words of mine and depends on them, only from them, whether or not they will be rigorously confirmed.
Italians!
In a memorable gathering, the one in Berlin, I said that, according to the laws of moral fascist, when you have a friend driving with him to the end. This we did and we will do with Germany, with his people, with its wonderful Armed Forces.
On this eve of an event on a secular scale, we turn our thoughts to His Majesty the King Emperor (the crowd erupts in cheers at large of the House of Savoy), which, as always, he played the soul of the country. And under the Hitler salute, the head of Germany's great ally.
Italy, proletarian and fascist, is the third time standing strong, proud and united as never before.
The word is a single, categorical and challenging for everyone. It already
flight and turns the hearts from the Alps to the Indian Ocean to win!
and win, to finally give a long period of peace with justice to Italy, Europe, the world.
Italian People!
Run to arms, and demonstrates your tenacity, your courage, your value!

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Open letter to our leader .....

Dear Benito, help us with some advice: Our national debt of nearly three million billion. Outrageous for a world power. (But what power?). But then, your Italy, malgrado le spese ingenti che sostenevi per le colonie: Libia, Etiopia e Somalia, tu quadravi il bilancio a pareggio; e nel 1926 sbalordivi il mondo con 2 miliardi di attivo.Eppure l'operaio, il pensionato, l'impiegato non conoscevano cartelle di tasse, il commerciante non aveva registri IVA, mod. 740, IRPEF, ILOR, tasse sulla salute, ICI, ecc.I contribuenti definivano i loro redditi a trattazione privata con gli uffici fiscali, concordando modeste tasse, che venivano pagate in sei comode rate. Con te nacquero la "Previdenza Sociale", gli Assegni Familiari", i premi per i figli nati, i "Sussidi per gli anziani", le nuove strade, le reti fognarie, le scuole, le "Case Popolari", le bonifiche, l'Opera Maternità ed Infanzia, Elioterapeutiche the Colonies, the Colonial Marine, and so on. ecc.Avevamo the social peace, peace, morals, peace, dignity and pride of country to be ITALIANI.Caro Benito, now you do not turn in his grave: we now have bribes, mafia, drugs, a former Democrat, former socialist former communists, thieves, criminals of all sorts, and carrion dregs of every stripe.

Dear Benito, give you some advice .....

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Alessandro Pavolini - fascist (florence 09/27/1903 - 04/28/1945 Dongo)


Born in Florence September 27, 1903, executed in Dongo (Como) April 28, 1945.
belonged with Buffarini Guidi, the "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", as it was called by the same fascists that association that the strain was more solido del vecchio squadrismo, del gerarchismo del ventennio, come dell'ultima reviviscenza di Salò. Figlio del glottologo Paolo Emilio, docente di sanscrito e filologia all'Università di Firenze, anche il futuro ministro della cultura popolare, mostrò dapprima interessi culturali e, durante gli studi ginnasiali, una forte inclinazione per il giornalismo e pubblicò novelle e romanzi. Attività non disgiunta da quella politica che lo portò, dopo l'iscrizione al partito fascista, a essere parte importante delle più famigerate, violente e sanguinarie squadre d'azione fiorentine. Con queste premesse (con analogia col detto "semel sacerdos semper sacerdos”, usava dire che una volta diventati squadristi, squadristi si resta), poté scalare rapidamente i gradi gerarchici e diventare segretario della federazione fascista di Firenze nel 1929. In divisa di aviatore partecipò ai bombardamenti contro la popolazione etiopica, pressoché inerme, nel corso della guerra coloniale fascista d'Abissinia (1935). Dopo la prova di spirito guerriero e di impegno militare che ogni gerarca era tenuto a dare, insieme a una ripresa di interessi letterari, assunse incarichi che, al contrario, lo portarono a compiti di repressione della libera manifestazione del pensiero. Prese parte, infatti, alla creazione della Commissione di bonifica che doveva mettere al bando, pur non organizzando roghi di libri, tutte le opere non strettamente corrispondenti all'ideologia mussoliniana. Le vittime most illustrious of this drastic censorship were the Russian authorities and, almost needless to say, those Jews. It was in 1938, the year of the racial laws. In 1939, Alessandro Pavolini fulfilled, protected from foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's son, another important step forward, he was appointed Minister of popular culture and opens the season of the grotesque "tissue", that gives the press for mandatory submission events, internal or foreign policy or economics, directives and distorting not only censorship but also so strange and ridiculous that became the subject of ridicule and derision in the same fascist apparatus. And that ministry, at the same hierarchy between the usual language, top ministry official was defined tout court. Discharged from that position in February 1943 with the usual "changing of the guard," Pavolini was appointed director of the Rome daily Il Messaggero. The defenestration of Mussolini, July 25, 1943 by a vote of the "Grand Council of Fascism" took refuge in the embassy German transformed, as he wrote the colonel of the SS Dollman, a travel agency, many were the Fascist leaders who are refugees were seeking protection. Pavolini with Ciano and others, was ordered to leave the country and seek refuge in Germany, where he returned only after the liberation of Mussolini from the prison of Gran Sasso to participate in the last incarnation of fascism in the larva state that was the "social republic italiana".Pavolini divenne segretario generale del partito fascista repubblicano, assommando altri incarichi e ruoli. Fu uno dei più pertinaci accusatori dei "traditori" del 25 luglio, cioè di Ciano e di coloro che votarono contro Mussolini, fucilati dopo il processo-farsa che venne imbastito a Verona. In quel periodo agonico del fascismo, Pavolini riuscì ad accumulare grande potere nella sua persona, muovendosi abilmente tra le faide interne. Si schierò con coloro che vollero impedire la coscrizione obbligatoria, contro la tesi del generale Rodolfo Graziani che voleva creare un esercito "apolitico". Fondò la sua polizia, le brigate nere, che sparsero a piene mani, nelle città e nelle campagne, tortura e morte. Nei giorni finali della tragedy of CSR, along with Mussolini, more and more apathetic and conscious of his failure and ultimate defeat, it figured to finally achieve the ultimate defense in a small mountain, in Valtellina and there resist the offensive partisan concentrating three thousand "Blackshirts ". But April 26, 1945, when Mussolini decided to escape going towards Menaggio, Pavolini with his so-called 5,000 men was not there, and no one knew where fosse.La column Mussolini was stopped by partisans and Fascist Mussolini arrested. Pavolini manages to escape and hide for a short time. Captured, he was shot at Dongo with other leaders, according to the order of the National Liberation Committee.

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Rodolfo Graziani - fascist (Filey, 1882 - Rome, 1955)


Military career, reached the high level of Marshal of Italy, but he distinguished himself more for his wars of repression, cost thousands and thousands of deaths, that his gifts as a strategist in the Defense Campaign ' Ethiopia and Libya in World War II. The son of a doctor, was assigned to the first seminar, but strongly preferred a military career without being able to attend the Academy of Modena, but by doing the normal military service as an officer cadet in the 94th Infantry Regiment of Rome who came from the lieutenant 1 May 1904 and is intended to Viterbo, to spend two years after the 1st Grenadiers Regiment of Rome.
His first contact with the world Africa, which is then renewed several times, took place in 1908, aimed at a garrison in Eritrea, where, moreover, learned the local languages \u200b\u200bthat will be very useful in later stages of his career. He participated with the rank of captain in the Italian-Turkish war and came to the fore in the 1915-1918 World War, during which he was wounded and received decorations. The cessation of hostilities was promoted to colonel and 36 years, becoming the youngest official with that degree.
After an unfortunate interlude of commercial enterprises with Eastern products, which lasted around a year, returned to the profession of arms, and sent to Libya, he began the task of brutal and bloody repression against the local ethnic groups with deportations mass concentration camps in a style that anticipated events of the Second World War.
When in 1921 it was sent to Libya, in fact, the colony is almost entirely escaped the Italian control. Especially in Cyrenaica there is a strong movement that claims the independence of Libya. A guide is the "Lion of the Desert", Omar el Muchtar. It is an extraordinary military effort that is necessary for the reconquest of Libya and to combat the rebellion of the local population, but meanwhile, Mussolini to power - already dreaming of an extraordinary military effort that is necessary for the reconquest of Libya and to combat the rebellion of the local population ,
To isolate the movement fighter using all Graziani and especially the means engaging the most brutal systems against various tribes organized major forced relocation of population in areas monitored and then restricted resources without breaking down all the cattle, starving men, women, old people and children without mercy. The number of victims is enormous because the offensive Graziani go too far inside, in the desert, just to do a scorched earth around the army of Omar el Muchtar. Which was captured on 11 September 1931 during a transfer of its departments, and shot in front of a crowd of twenty thousand were deported, after a trial that you can imagine the collateral. Just remember that the Italian army captain Roberto Away was shot for having done too deeply involved in the defense of el Muchtar.
is worth reading the agenda and bombastic rhetoric with which Graziani announced the capture of rebel leader:
"Omar el Muchtar, the political and military leader of the rebels, has fallen into the network of seventeen months on the Gebel fifty times had opened and closed to grasp: there fell at last! It is not fortuitous circumstance: the tenacity, faith, value, spirit of sacrifice of the commanders and troops who have triumphed! is the method that has been refining operation in all acts of war, from exploration to Earth's air, from concept to execution in tactical maneuver! È lo strumento che è stato lubrificato in tutte le sue articolazioni! È l'armonica azione dell'aviazione, dei battaglioni, degli squadroni! Ufficiali, soldati, siamo a una svolta decisiva! Siamo alla frusta! Avanti, per la grandezza d'Italia!". Una marea di punti esclamativi per una menzogna che, a ulteriore disonore di un generale, quasi ottant'anni dopo i fatti viene smentita da documenti inoppugnabili: non si trattò dell'intuizione di uno stratega, ma di una pura e semplice delazione che mise i militari in grado di catturare el Muchtar. Una cattura dopo una vera guerra che portò, al limite del genocidio, alla deportazione di almeno 80.000 libici in campi di concentramento. Da quel momento, Graziani è diventato il Fascist general excellence. Perhaps it was the occasion when, out of gratitude, he said: "I've been fascist since birth?
When Mussolini in 1935 to realize her dream absurd imperial attack Ethiopia, and will be the last colonial war in history, Graziani was appointed governor of Somalia and took command of the southern front and, after a brief period of control assigned to the former quadrunviro Emilio De Bono, Marshal Pietro Badoglio relies on the direction of operations in the North. Graziani, despite everything, he feels inferior and this will only increase his rivalry, never dormant rather accentuated over time, against Badoglio, because it will ad occupare la capitale Addis Abeba.
In questa campagna etiopica Graziani tornerà a dimostrare tutta la brutalità del suo concetto di guerra usando sistematicamente e indiscriminatamente i gas, non senza le pressanti sollecitazioni di Mussolini. Per lui, nominato Maresciallo d'Italia, tuttavia non finisce l'avventura coloniale. Dopo la rinuncia di Badoglio all'incarico di viceré d'Etiopia, Graziani ebbe la nomina all'alta carica, ma ancora una volta in seconda battuta rispetto al suo nemico Badoglio.
Fu uno dei periodi più tragici e sanguinosi per il popolo etiopico.
Dopo un fallito attentato nei suoi confronti, Graziani fu responsabile di una persecuzione spietata, della distruzione di interi quartieri di Addis Abeba, dell'uccisione indiscriminata di migliaia di etiopici e del massacro della comunità copta vescovo compreso - di Debra Libanos, a un centinaio di chilometri dalla capitale. Alla fine della guerra, l'imperatore d'Etiopia, Hailé Selassié chiese che Graziani fosse inserito nella lista dei criminali di guerra e la United Nations War Crime Commission lo collocò al primo posto nella lista dei criminali di guerra italiani. D'altra parte, l'Etiopia è copta – vescovo compreso - di Debra Libanos, ante litteram delle teorie razziste non ancora legiferate, ma messe in atto empiricamente. Lo dice esplicitamente il segretario del partito fascista, Achille Starace, il 25 luglio 1938, ancor prima della pubblicazione ufficiale del decalogo razzista. "With the creation of the Empire the Italian race has come into contact with other races so it must guard against any contamination and hybridity. Racist laws to that effect have been developed and applied in the territories of fascistic power." Repatriated
the end of 1937 he was appointed chief of army staff in 1940 and again for the African arena and in command of troops in North Africa is now at war with Italy. Here, on this front in the battles against the British proved not to be that general legendary painting from the fascist propaganda, although the responsibility for defeat before the British troops, some stronger in number, were not his only course. Was case exempted from service and left without jobs and, in fact, allegations against him were thrown about the direction of operations in North Africa and subjected to investigation.
of him publicly, is again on the agenda only when, after the resurgence of fascism and Mussolini, on 8 September 1943, founded the Italian Social Republic and the larva of government becomes Minister of National Defence. The chronicles say that he was dubious of accepting appointment, a friendly but pressed by the German Rudolf Rahn, left all the doubts and gave himself ardently to organize the new army that he would like utopian "apolitical." In fact, despite all the gruesome notices which impose penalties Death to those who, at the age of military service, had not been resubmitted to weapons, all his attempts to establish the "new" armed forces were a resounding failure. Not only due to resistance, but also stubborn rivalry within the government, the fighting continues with the other leaders who refused to give up under any circumstances to their police, but also because the spectrum called the army was used, when it was used only for tasks Police raid against or partisan. On August 2, 1944
Graziani and his training were put under the orders of the Germans under the command of General Albert Kesselring, who commanded the Italian front.
approached the failed test del fascismo repubblicano, quando Mussolini tentò di trattare la resa con la mediazione del cardinale di Milano Ildefonso Schuster, anche Graziani partecipò agli incontri per poi, in quei giorni convulsi, abbandonare Mussolini e il suo gruppo e cercare scampo da solo. Si arrese a un ufficiale del IV Corpo d'Armata americano che dopo qualche settimana di arresti a Roma lo spedì in Algeria; poi, dal 6 febbraio 1946, fu rinchiuso nel carcere di Procida. In quei circa due anni che precedettero il suo processo riuscì a scrivere tre libri per tentare di giustificare tutto il suo passato. Agli inizi del giugno 1948 si aprì finalmente il processo e la condanna fu a 19 anni di reclusione, ma tra amnistie, cavilli e condoni 17 anni gli vennero cancellati. Il tribunale argomentò che Graziani non era stato in grado, nonostante i bandi, le fucilazioni e i rastrellamenti, di incidere sulle decisioni del governo di Mussolini. Ma egli non si smentì, aderì al Movimento sociale italiano di cui divenne presidente onorario lasciandolo non senza virulente accuse e polemiche reciproche.
Si ritirò nella sua proprietà di Affile per poi trasferirsi a Roma per morirvi.