Military career, reached the high level of Marshal of Italy, but he distinguished himself more for his wars of repression, cost thousands and thousands of deaths, that his gifts as a strategist in the Defense Campaign ' Ethiopia and Libya in World War II. The son of a doctor, was assigned to the first seminar, but strongly preferred a military career without being able to attend the Academy of Modena, but by doing the normal military service as an officer cadet in the 94th Infantry Regiment of Rome who came from the lieutenant 1 May 1904 and is intended to Viterbo, to spend two years after the 1st Grenadiers Regiment of Rome.
His first contact with the world Africa, which is then renewed several times, took place in 1908, aimed at a garrison in Eritrea, where, moreover, learned the local languages \u200b\u200bthat will be very useful in later stages of his career. He participated with the rank of captain in the Italian-Turkish war and came to the fore in the 1915-1918 World War, during which he was wounded and received decorations. The cessation of hostilities was promoted to colonel and 36 years, becoming the youngest official with that degree.
After an unfortunate interlude of commercial enterprises with Eastern products, which lasted around a year, returned to the profession of arms, and sent to Libya, he began the task of brutal and bloody repression against the local ethnic groups with deportations mass concentration camps in a style that anticipated events of the Second World War.
When in 1921 it was sent to Libya, in fact, the colony is almost entirely escaped the Italian control. Especially in Cyrenaica there is a strong movement that claims the independence of Libya. A guide is the "Lion of the Desert", Omar el Muchtar. It is an extraordinary military effort that is necessary for the reconquest of Libya and to combat the rebellion of the local population, but meanwhile, Mussolini to power - already dreaming of an extraordinary military effort that is necessary for the reconquest of Libya and to combat the rebellion of the local population ,
To isolate the movement fighter using all Graziani and especially the means engaging the most brutal systems against various tribes organized major forced relocation of population in areas monitored and then restricted resources without breaking down all the cattle, starving men, women, old people and children without mercy. The number of victims is enormous because the offensive Graziani go too far inside, in the desert, just to do a scorched earth around the army of Omar el Muchtar. Which was captured on 11 September 1931 during a transfer of its departments, and shot in front of a crowd of twenty thousand were deported, after a trial that you can imagine the collateral. Just remember that the Italian army captain Roberto Away was shot for having done too deeply involved in the defense of el Muchtar.
is worth reading the agenda and bombastic rhetoric with which Graziani announced the capture of rebel leader:
"Omar el Muchtar, the political and military leader of the rebels, has fallen into the network of seventeen months on the Gebel fifty times had opened and closed to grasp: there fell at last! It is not fortuitous circumstance: the tenacity, faith, value, spirit of sacrifice of the commanders and troops who have triumphed! is the method that has been refining operation in all acts of war, from exploration to Earth's air, from concept to execution in tactical maneuver! È lo strumento che è stato lubrificato in tutte le sue articolazioni! È l'armonica azione dell'aviazione, dei battaglioni, degli squadroni! Ufficiali, soldati, siamo a una svolta decisiva! Siamo alla frusta! Avanti, per la grandezza d'Italia!". Una marea di punti esclamativi per una menzogna che, a ulteriore disonore di un generale, quasi ottant'anni dopo i fatti viene smentita da documenti inoppugnabili: non si trattò dell'intuizione di uno stratega, ma di una pura e semplice delazione che mise i militari in grado di catturare el Muchtar. Una cattura dopo una vera guerra che portò, al limite del genocidio, alla deportazione di almeno 80.000 libici in campi di concentramento. Da quel momento, Graziani è diventato il Fascist general excellence. Perhaps it was the occasion when, out of gratitude, he said: "I've been fascist since birth?
When Mussolini in 1935 to realize her dream absurd imperial attack Ethiopia, and will be the last colonial war in history, Graziani was appointed governor of Somalia and took command of the southern front and, after a brief period of control assigned to the former quadrunviro Emilio De Bono, Marshal Pietro Badoglio relies on the direction of operations in the North. Graziani, despite everything, he feels inferior and this will only increase his rivalry, never dormant rather accentuated over time, against Badoglio, because it will ad occupare la capitale Addis Abeba.
In questa campagna etiopica Graziani tornerà a dimostrare tutta la brutalità del suo concetto di guerra usando sistematicamente e indiscriminatamente i gas, non senza le pressanti sollecitazioni di Mussolini. Per lui, nominato Maresciallo d'Italia, tuttavia non finisce l'avventura coloniale. Dopo la rinuncia di Badoglio all'incarico di viceré d'Etiopia, Graziani ebbe la nomina all'alta carica, ma ancora una volta in seconda battuta rispetto al suo nemico Badoglio.
Fu uno dei periodi più tragici e sanguinosi per il popolo etiopico.
Dopo un fallito attentato nei suoi confronti, Graziani fu responsabile di una persecuzione spietata, della distruzione di interi quartieri di Addis Abeba, dell'uccisione indiscriminata di migliaia di etiopici e del massacro della comunità copta vescovo compreso - di Debra Libanos, a un centinaio di chilometri dalla capitale. Alla fine della guerra, l'imperatore d'Etiopia, Hailé Selassié chiese che Graziani fosse inserito nella lista dei criminali di guerra e la United Nations War Crime Commission lo collocò al primo posto nella lista dei criminali di guerra italiani. D'altra parte, l'Etiopia è copta – vescovo compreso - di Debra Libanos, ante litteram delle teorie razziste non ancora legiferate, ma messe in atto empiricamente. Lo dice esplicitamente il segretario del partito fascista, Achille Starace, il 25 luglio 1938, ancor prima della pubblicazione ufficiale del decalogo razzista. "With the creation of the Empire the Italian race has come into contact with other races so it must guard against any contamination and hybridity. Racist laws to that effect have been developed and applied in the territories of fascistic power." Repatriated
the end of 1937 he was appointed chief of army staff in 1940 and again for the African arena and in command of troops in North Africa is now at war with Italy. Here, on this front in the battles against the British proved not to be that general legendary painting from the fascist propaganda, although the responsibility for defeat before the British troops, some stronger in number, were not his only course. Was case exempted from service and left without jobs and, in fact, allegations against him were thrown about the direction of operations in North Africa and subjected to investigation.
of him publicly, is again on the agenda only when, after the resurgence of fascism and Mussolini, on 8 September 1943, founded the Italian Social Republic and the larva of government becomes Minister of National Defence. The chronicles say that he was dubious of accepting appointment, a friendly but pressed by the German Rudolf Rahn, left all the doubts and gave himself ardently to organize the new army that he would like utopian "apolitical." In fact, despite all the gruesome notices which impose penalties Death to those who, at the age of military service, had not been resubmitted to weapons, all his attempts to establish the "new" armed forces were a resounding failure. Not only due to resistance, but also stubborn rivalry within the government, the fighting continues with the other leaders who refused to give up under any circumstances to their police, but also because the spectrum called the army was used, when it was used only for tasks Police raid against or partisan. On August 2, 1944
Graziani and his training were put under the orders of the Germans under the command of General Albert Kesselring, who commanded the Italian front.
approached the failed test del fascismo repubblicano, quando Mussolini tentò di trattare la resa con la mediazione del cardinale di Milano Ildefonso Schuster, anche Graziani partecipò agli incontri per poi, in quei giorni convulsi, abbandonare Mussolini e il suo gruppo e cercare scampo da solo. Si arrese a un ufficiale del IV Corpo d'Armata americano che dopo qualche settimana di arresti a Roma lo spedì in Algeria; poi, dal 6 febbraio 1946, fu rinchiuso nel carcere di Procida. In quei circa due anni che precedettero il suo processo riuscì a scrivere tre libri per tentare di giustificare tutto il suo passato. Agli inizi del giugno 1948 si aprì finalmente il processo e la condanna fu a 19 anni di reclusione, ma tra amnistie, cavilli e condoni 17 anni gli vennero cancellati. Il tribunale argomentò che Graziani non era stato in grado, nonostante i bandi, le fucilazioni e i rastrellamenti, di incidere sulle decisioni del governo di Mussolini. Ma egli non si smentì, aderì al Movimento sociale italiano di cui divenne presidente onorario lasciandolo non senza virulente accuse e polemiche reciproche.
Si ritirò nella sua proprietà di Affile per poi trasferirsi a Roma per morirvi.
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