was born in Pescara, March 12, 1863 in a house in Via Manthone, son of Francesco Paolo d'Annunzio Rapagnetta and Louise de Benedhictis. Third of five children, lived a happy childhood, distinguished by intelligence and liveliness. Inherit late mother's sensitivity, the father of the sanguine temperament, the passion for women and the ease in borrowing, which led the family from a wealthy state with a difficult economic situation. Did not take long to manifest a personality free of complexes and inhibitions, increased to competitive comparison with reality. It is a testimony to the letter, yet sixteen (1879), Carducci writes, the most respected in the Italian poet Umberto I, while attending high school at the prestigious boarding school Cicognini of Prato. In 1879 his father financed the publication of the first work of the young student, the first real, a collection of poems that had early success. Accompanied by an enthusiastic critical review in the journal The Roman Fanfulla of Sunday, the book's success was increased by the same D'Annunzio a gimmick: he spread the false news of his death from a fall from a horse. The news had the effect of drawing the attention of the audience in Rome on romantic student Abruzzo, making a figure much discussed. After finishing high school at the Royal grammar school "GBVico" of Chieti, arrived in Rome in 1881, with a reputation that was growing.
Ten years in the capital (1881-1891) were decisive for the formation of the communicative style of D'Annunzio, and in relation to the particular cultural world of the city was formed and what we can define the core of his vision the world. The reception in the city was favored by the presence in it of a large group of writers, artists, musicians, journalists Abruzzese origin (Scarfoglio, Michetti, Tosti, Masciantonio, Barbella, etc.). He did speak in response to a "Byzantine Rome ".
The provincial culture and vital to the group it was carrying appeared to the Roman public, closed in a narrow and suffocating - Far from the intellectual still animated the other European capitals - a new "barbarian" exciting and transgressive, D'Annunzio was able to condense perfectly, with style Journalist exuberant, refined and virtuosic, the stimuli that this opposition "center-periphery" nature-culture "offered to the expectations of readers eager for novelty.
D'Annunzio had had to adapt to the journalistic work largely for economic, but attracted the attendance of Roma "good" performance by his taste for beauty and luxury, in 1883, married, marriage with a "repair" in the chapel of the Palazzo Altemps in Rome, the duchess Maria Hardouin Welsh and they had three sons (Mario, and Gabriellino Veniero). However, the decisive experience for him were those transfigured in the elegant and sophisticated news reports. In this rite of initiation into literature, he quickly began to focus its cultural references, in which identified himself up to infuse all his creative energies and emotional.
The first major literary success came with the publication of her first novel, The pleasure in 1889. He was soon to create a real "public d'Annunzio", a condition not so much the content as star-like shape, a real star system before its time, the writer built attorno alla propria immagine. Egli inventò uno stile immaginoso e appariscente di vita da "grande divo", con cui nutrì il bisogno di sogni, di misteri, di "vivere un'altra vita", di oggetti e comportamenti-culto che stava connotando in Italia la nuova cultura di massa.
Tra il 1891 e il 1893 D'Annunzio visse a Napoli, dove compose il suo secondo romanzo, L'innocente, seguito da Il trionfo della morte e dalle liriche del Poema paradisiaco. Sempre di questo periodo è il suo primo approccio agli scritti di Nietzsche che vennero in buona parte fraintesi, sebbene ebbero l'effetto di liberare la produzione letteraria di D'Annunzio da certi residui moralistici ed etici. Tra il 1893 e il 1897 D'Annunzio intraprese un'esistenza più movimentata that led him first in his homeland and then a long trip to Greece. In 1897 he wanted to try
political experience, living too, like everything else, in a bizarre and sensational: elected deputy of the right, went almost immediately into the ranks of the left, justifying it with the famous statement, "I go to life
Also in 1897 began an affair with the famous actress Eleonora Duse, with which began the season centerpiece of his life. To live next to his new girlfriend, D'Annunzio moved to Florence in the area where he rented the villa Settignano "The Capponcina", transforming it into a monument of aesthetic taste decadent. It is in this period that lies largely part of the drama that D'Annunzio is quite innovative compared to the canons of bourgeois drama or theater dominant in Italy and which often has as its reference point the figure of the actor Duse.
The relationship with Eleonora Duse cracked in 1904, after the publication of the novel The fire, in which the poet had described their relationship mercilessly. D'Annunzio in 1910 fled to France for some time had accumulated a series of debts and the only way to avoid the creditors had now become the flight from Italy. The decor of the villa was auctioned and D'Annunzio did not return for five years in Italy.
was a celebrity in Paris, was translated by Georges Herelle and Debate between decadent and naturalists had once aroused great interest already Huysmans. This allowed him to maintain his dissipated lifestyle of worldly debts and acquaintances. While far from Italy worked to the political debate preceding the war, publishing poetry in celebration of the war in Libya or editorial for several national newspapers (particularly the Courier) which in turn gave him other loans. Corradini
In 1910 he organized the project of the Italian National, which D'Annunzio joined praising a nation dominated by desire for power and opposed to 'petty and Italy at peace. " After the Parisian
retired in Arcachon sulla costa Atlantica, dove si dedicò all'attività letteraria in collaborazione con musicisti di successo (Mascagni, Debussy,...), compose libretti d'opera, soggetti per film (Cabiria).
L’Arruolamento
Nel 1915 ritornò in Italia, dove rifiutò la cattedra di letteratura italiana che era stata di Pascoli; condusse da subito una intensa propaganda interventista. Il discorso celebrativo che D'Annunzio pronunciò a Quarto il 4 maggio 1915 (in occasione della sagra dei Mille) suscitò entusiastiche manifestazioni interventiste. Con l'entrata in Guerra dell'Italia, il 24 maggio 1915 (il cosiddetto "maggio radioso"), D'Annunzio si arruolò volontario e partecipò ad alcune azioni dimostrative navali ed aeree. Per un periodo risiedette in quel di Cervignano del Friuli perché così poteva essere vicino al Comando della III Armata, comandante della quale era Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia, Duca d' Aosta, suo amico ed estimatore.
Nel gennaio del 1916, costretto a un atterraggio d'emergenza, subì una lesione all'altezza della tempia e dell'arcata sopraccigliare, urtando contro la mitragliatrice del suo aereo. Non curò la ferita per un mese e ciò portò alla perdita di un occhio. Visse così un periodo di convalescenza, durante il quale fu assistito dalla figlia Renata. Tuttavia, ben presto tornò in guerra. Contro i consigli dei medici, continuò a partecipare ad azioni belliche aeree e di terra. In quel periodo Nocturne composed by using thin strips of paper that allowed him to write in complete darkness, which is necessary for recovery from the injury that had temporarily blinded. The work was published in 1921 and contains a series of memories and observations. At the turn of the war, D'Annunzio is able to create a broad discontent, insisting on the "mutilated victory" and asking, in line with a number of lines of Italian politics and society, the renewal of the ruling class in Italy. The same wave of discontent soon found a supporter in Benito Mussolini, that between now and 1922 would have led to the rise of fascism in Italy
In 1919 he organized a resounding blow paramilitary hand, driving a shipment of "legionnaires", started from Ronchi di Monfalcone (renamed in 1925, Ronchi dei Legionari in memory of the historical enterprise), the occupation of the city of Rijeka, the victorious Allied powers had assigned to ' Italy. With this gesture, D'Annunzio reached the apex of the process of building their own personal and political myth.
11 and September 12, 1919, the crisis of Rijeka. A River, occupied by Allied troops, in October 1918 had constituted a National Council, which advocated the annexation to Italy. [3] of which he was appointed chairman Antonio Grossich. D'Annunzio occupied Fiume a column of volunteers and we established the command "Kvarner released.
On 12 November 1920 signed the Treaty of Rapallo: River becomes a free city, Zara goes to Italy. But D'Annunzio did not accept the agreement and the Italian Government, December 26, 1920, he made clear with the legionnaires force.
Disillusioned by the experience as an activist, in February 1921 he retired to a solitary existence in Cargnacco villa (town of Gardone Riviera), which bought a few months later. Vittoriale Renamed the Italian was enlarged and then open to the public. There he worked and lived until his death, taking care with a theatrical style mausoleum of memories and mythological symbols in his own person was the central attraction of the moment. The fascist regime in ascesa si appropriò di D'Annunzio, celebrandolo come uno dei massimi e più fecondi letterati d'Italia. La sua influenza sulla cultura italiana ed europea nei primi decenni del Novecento fu indiscutibile. Morì nella sua villa il 1º marzo 1938 per un'emorragia cerebrale. Il regime fascista fece celebrare in suo onore i funerali di stato. È sepolto nel mausoleo del Vittoriale.
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